Parkinsonism in children: Clinical classification and etiological spectrum

Infantile- and childhood-onset parkinsonism is mainly due to genetic alterations an exceedingly rare condition, unlike Parkinson's disease (PD), which one of the most common neurologic disorders in adulthood. The clinical characterization during early stages neuromotor development controversial lack consensus regarding criteria PD or immature brain. classification here proposed based on a review conditions that emerge infancy childhood, with key symptoms evocative adult parkinsonism. nosography age at presentation, features, outcome, etiological background. It includes developmental parkinsonism, infantile degenerative setting neurodevelopmental disorders, multisystem brain diseases, juvenile dystonia-parkinsonism, acquired subgroups denoting peculiar presentations as consequence impact are monoamine metabolic caused by DAT WASR2 defects. More tardive parkinsonisms occur cause generalized derangement processes, such those MECP2, NR4A2, SCN1A, RAB39B. Some presenting disorder can progress later, disclosing their neurodegenerative nature (i.e. WDR45 KCND3). Finally, new emerging arise from cumulative effect multiple lesions.